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Organized by application, not by molecule. We never recommend a compound for a condition — we show what published research has actually examined, and how strong that evidence is.
Application
Joint & Tendon Recovery
Published research has examined BPC-157 in the context of tendon, ligament, and muscle healing, largely in rodent models where it has been associated with accelerated tendon-to-bone healing, angiogenesis, and fibroblast migration (Chang et al., Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011; Gwyer et al., Cell and Tissue Research, 2019 review). TB-500, a synthetic fragment related to thymosin beta-4, has been studied for its role in actin regulation, cell migration, and wound repair in preclinical injury models. Across this literature the findings are consistently drawn from animal or in-vitro systems; controlled human trials in orthopedic recovery are essentially absent, so the connective-tissue benefits reported to date have not been established in people.
BPC-157TB-500
Evidence: Predominantly animal and in-vitro studies. No published randomized controlled trials in humans for tendon or joint recovery. Evidence should be read as preclinical and hypothesis-generating.Regulatory: Both are Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket (BPC-157; TB-500 as the thymosin beta-4 fragment). A favorable July vote is non-binding and would still leave a realistic 12-18 month minimum path to any legal compounding availability.
Application
Gut Health & IBS/IBD
Published research has examined BPC-157 in the context of gastrointestinal integrity, with rodent studies reporting associations with mucosal protection, healing of experimentally induced ulcers, and modulation of gut-brain axis signaling (Sikiric et al., Current Pharmaceutical Design, multiple reviews). KPV, a tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH, has been studied for anti-inflammatory activity in models of colitis, where it has been associated with reduced pro-inflammatory signaling in intestinal epithelial and immune cells (Dalmasso et al., Gastroenterology, 2008). The work to date is preclinical and characterizes mechanisms and outcomes in animals and cell systems rather than in patients with IBS or IBD.
BPC-157KPV
Evidence: Animal and cell-culture studies for both compounds. No completed human clinical trials in IBS or IBD. Evidence is preclinical.Regulatory: BPC-157 and KPV are both Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. The vote is non-binding and roughly step 2 of about six in FDA rulemaking.
Application
Skin & Hair
Published research has examined GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide) in the context of skin remodeling and wound healing, with in-vitro and small human dermatology studies reporting associations with collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and improvements in skin appearance (Pickart & Margolina, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018). Thymosin beta-4 and its fragment have been studied for hair follicle stem cell migration and wound repair in animal models, and BPC-157 has been examined for skin wound healing in rodents. Human evidence is strongest, though still limited, for topical GHK-Cu in cosmetic dermatology; the hair-growth and injectable-repair findings remain largely preclinical.
GHK-CuTB-500BPC-157
Evidence: Mixed. Small human/cosmetic studies for topical GHK-Cu; animal and in-vitro work for thymosin beta-4 fragment and BPC-157 in skin and hair. No large controlled trials.Regulatory: GHK-Cu is unscheduled / research-use-only and is NOT on the July 2026 PCAC docket; it appears widely in topical cosmetic formulations. TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment) and BPC-157 are Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket.
Application
Weight Management
Published research has examined semaglutide and tirzepatide in the context of weight management through large randomized human trials, which demonstrated substantial, statistically significant weight reduction (Wilding et al., STEP program, New England Journal of Medicine, 2021; Jastreboff et al., SURMOUNT, NEJM, 2022). These are the most rigorously supported peptides in this category. Separately, MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, has been studied in animal models for effects on insulin sensitivity, metabolic homeostasis, and exercise capacity, where it has been associated with improved glucose regulation; that metabolic literature is preclinical and does not establish weight outcomes in people.
SemaglutideTirzepatideMOTS-c
Evidence: FDA-approved with large phase 3 human trials for semaglutide and tirzepatide. Animal and mechanistic studies only for MOTS-c.Regulatory: Semaglutide and tirzepatide are FDA-approved finished drugs and are not part of the compounding-bulks conversation. MOTS-c is Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket.
Application
Cognitive Performance
Published research has examined semax, an ACTH(4-10) analog developed in Russia, in the context of cognition, neuroprotection, and stress, with studies reporting associations with BDNF expression and neuroprotective signaling in animal models and some human clinical use within Russia for ischemic and cognitive indications (Kaplan & Ashmarin literature; various Russian-language trials). Outside of that regional clinical history, the mechanistic and cognitive-enhancement claims rest largely on animal data and small studies that have not been replicated in large Western randomized trials. Framing overall: the nootropic and neuroprotective effects reported for semax are examined mostly in preclinical and limited regional-clinical settings.
SemaxMOTS-c
Evidence: Animal studies plus limited, mostly Russian-based human clinical use; not validated by large independent randomized trials. Best read as preliminary.Regulatory: Semax is Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. It is not FDA-approved in the United States. The July vote is non-binding.
Application
Sleep Quality
Published research has examined delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in the context of sleep regulation since its original isolation, but the evidence base is notably thin: findings are inconsistent, drawn from older and small studies, and DSIP's role in normal human sleep architecture remains poorly characterized. Epitalon, a synthetic pineal tetrapeptide, has been studied for effects on melatonin rhythm and circadian signaling in animal and small human aging studies, with sleep considered only as a secondary observation. Honestly stated, no peptide in this category has robust, well-controlled human evidence for improving sleep quality, and much of the DSIP literature predates modern trial standards.
DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)Epitalon
Evidence: Weak and dated. Small, inconsistent human and animal studies for DSIP; secondary circadian observations for epitalon. No modern large controlled sleep trials.Regulatory: Epitalon is Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. DSIP is unscheduled / research-use-only and is NOT on the July 2026 docket.
Application
Immune Function
Published research has examined KPV in the context of immune modulation and inflammation, where the alpha-MSH-derived tripeptide has been associated with dampening of pro-inflammatory pathways in preclinical models. Thymosin alpha-1 has the strongest immune evidence in this group, having been studied in human trials as an immunomodulator in certain infectious and oncology settings and approved in some countries, though not by the FDA. Thymosin beta-4 and its fragment have been studied for tissue-repair and inflammation-related pathways primarily in animals. Overall the immune findings range from mechanistic animal work (KPV, TB-500) to more developed human data (thymosin alpha-1).
KPVTB-500Thymosin Alpha-1
Evidence: Mixed. Human clinical trials and international approvals for thymosin alpha-1; animal and cell studies for KPV and thymosin beta-4 fragment.Regulatory: KPV and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment) are Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. Thymosin alpha-1 is unscheduled / research-use-only in the U.S. and is NOT on the July 2026 docket; it is not FDA-approved.
Application
Muscle & Body Composition
Published research has examined MOTS-c in the context of muscle metabolism and exercise capacity, with animal studies associating it with improved metabolic flexibility and endurance. TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment) and BPC-157 have been studied for muscle injury repair and recovery in rodent models. Across this category the literature describes metabolic and regenerative mechanisms in animals and cell systems; there are no well-powered human trials demonstrating changes in lean mass, strength, or body composition in people, so any performance framing remains preclinical.
MOTS-cTB-500BPC-157
Evidence: Animal and in-vitro studies only. No completed human trials for muscle growth or body-composition endpoints. Evidence is preclinical.Regulatory: MOTS-c, TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment), and BPC-157 are all Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. A favorable but non-binding vote would still precede a 12-18 month minimum path to legal compounding availability.
Application
Sexual Health
Published research has examined bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist, in the context of sexual health, with randomized human trials in premenopausal women reporting improvements in measures of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (Kingsberg et al., RECONNECT trials, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2019). This is one of the few peptides in the category with completed, well-designed human trials, which supported its regulatory approval. The evidence is therefore clinical and human, in contrast to most other applications on this page.
PT-141
Evidence: FDA-approved with phase 3 human clinical trials for the approved indication. Strongest human evidence in this category.Regulatory: Bremelanotide/PT-141 is an FDA-approved finished drug and is not part of the compounding-bulks conversation or the PCAC July 2026 docket.
Application
Longevity & Anti-Aging
Published research has examined epitalon in the context of aging biology, with animal studies and small, older human cohorts (largely from Russian research groups) associating it with telomerase activity, circadian and pineal signaling, and lifespan measures in model organisms (Khavinson et al., various). MOTS-c has been studied as a mitochondrial-derived peptide linked to metabolic aging pathways in animals, emideltide has an emerging preclinical profile now entering formal regulatory review, and GHK-Cu has been examined for gene-expression and tissue-remodeling changes associated with aging skin. The longevity findings are almost entirely preclinical or from small, dated human studies; none constitute robust, modern evidence of extended human healthspan or lifespan.
EpitalonMOTS-cemideltideGHK-Cu
Evidence: Weak to preliminary. Animal studies and small, older human cohorts; mechanistic and biomarker work rather than long-term outcome trials.Regulatory: Epitalon, MOTS-c, and emideltide are Category 2 and on the PCAC July 2026 docket. GHK-Cu is unscheduled / research-use-only and is NOT on the July 2026 docket. The PCAC vote is non-binding and early in the rulemaking process.